Difference between revisions of "Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters"
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|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | |author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | ||
|author2= | |author2= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | [[File:PAC met Gripper erin.JPG|thumb|160px| | + | [[File:PAC met Gripper erin.JPG|thumb|160px|An implanted port with needle assembly inserted.]] |
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| − | ==Choice of | + | ==Suspected fibrin sheath== |
| + | A fibrin sheath of central venous catheter (including PICC-lines and implanted ports) can be suspected when it is possible to inject into it but not to aspirate. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Choice of modality=== | ||
Fibrin sheaths are usually detected by fluoroscopic catheter contrast angiography.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016">{{cite journal|last1=Knutstad|first1=K.|last2=Hager|first2=B.|last3=Hauser|first3=M.|title=Radiologic diagnosis and management of complications related to central venous access|journal=Acta Radiologica|volume=44|issue=5|year=2016|pages=508–516|issn=0284-1851|doi=10.1080/j.1600-0455.2003.00115.x}}</ref> | Fibrin sheaths are usually detected by fluoroscopic catheter contrast angiography.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016">{{cite journal|last1=Knutstad|first1=K.|last2=Hager|first2=B.|last3=Hauser|first3=M.|title=Radiologic diagnosis and management of complications related to central venous access|journal=Acta Radiologica|volume=44|issue=5|year=2016|pages=508–516|issn=0284-1851|doi=10.1080/j.1600-0455.2003.00115.x}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''[[X-ray of central venous catheters]]''' is enough to check position after insertion, or in suspected movement. | ||
A suspicion of a thrombotic occlusion of the vein passed by the catheter indicates a [[CT angiography]].<ref name=Helsingborg/> | A suspicion of a thrombotic occlusion of the vein passed by the catheter indicates a [[CT angiography]].<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| − | + | ==Preparation== | |
| − | |||
*Contrast should be non-ionic,<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> with an iodine concentration of at least 270 mg/ml.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | *Contrast should be non-ionic,<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> with an iodine concentration of at least 270 mg/ml.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| − | *Syringe can be for example 10 ml or 20 ml, for injection by hand.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> For pumps, the pressure should not exceed >40psi (275kPa or 2,75bar).<ref name=Helsingborg/> | + | *Syringe can be for example 10 ml or 20 ml, for injection by hand.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> For pumps in ports, the pressure should not exceed >40psi (275kPa or 2,75bar).<ref name=Helsingborg/> |
| − | * | + | *For ports, the needle should be at least 20G (0.9mm), and needs to be designed for port use (to avoid fragmentation of the port membrane).<ref name=Helsingborg>{{cite web|url=http://www.rontgen.com/metod/lungor-cvkport-a-cath|title=Porta-a-cath control|website=Röntgen Metodbok, Radiology Department of Helsingborg|accessdate=2018-07-25}}</ref> It should be connected by luer taper.<ref name=Helsingborg/> |
*The system needs to be closed to air at all times.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | *The system needs to be closed to air at all times.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| + | *The procedure is preferably done in medical gloves, which do not need to be sterile. | ||
The total amount of contrast is rather small (5-15ml) so a decreased renal function does not need to to be a contraindication.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | The total amount of contrast is rather small (5-15ml) so a decreased renal function does not need to to be a contraindication.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Procedure== |
| − | + | Pre-contrast imaging | |
| − | * | + | *For ports, it should include a '''lateral projection''' to confirm that the needle is in proper place before contrast injection.<ref name=Helsingborg/> |
Contrast imaging | Contrast imaging | ||
| − | *A small field-of-view.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> | + | *Set the '''projection''' to be |
| − | *Posteroanterior projection, or slightly oblique to avoid superimposing the spine.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | + | :*A small field-of-view.<ref name="KnutstadHager2016"/> |
| − | * | + | :*Posteroanterior projection, or slightly oblique to avoid superimposing the spine.<ref name=Helsingborg/> |
| − | *Imaging of the outflow from the catheter is | + | *Optionally, check if it is possible to '''aspirate''' from the catheter. |
| + | *For ports, first inject a small amount of contrast to and image when contrast fills the port '''chamber and the catheter''', to exclude malfunction.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| + | *Imaging of the '''outflow''' from the catheter is done at 10-15<ref name="Frequency" group="notes">A frequency of 2-4 images per second has also been suggested (Knutstad, 2016), which confers a lower radiation dose but makes it more difficult to determine the dynamic flow of contrast.</ref> images per second.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| + | *After the procedure: | ||
| + | :*'''Flush''' with 20 - 30 ml normal saline.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| + | :*Optionally, quantify the '''amount''' of injected contrast. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Evaluation== | ||
| + | {{Central venous catheter tip position in X-ray and fluoroscopy}} | ||
| − | + | ===Fibrin sheath=== | |
| + | In a normal case, the contrast flows straight out from the catheter.<ref name=Helsingborg/> Contrast flowing at a skewed angle compared to the catheter is regarded to be a suspected fibrin sheath.<ref name=Helsingborg/> | ||
| − | + | A definite fibrin sheath is visualized as contrast flowing backwards around the catheter, looking like a thickening of the distal part, before exiting at a more proximal part of the catheter. Preferably note the distance between the catheter tip and the exiting point, and whether it is in a different vein (such as the brachiocephalic vein). | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | [[File:Central venous catheter with a fibrin sheath.jpg|thumb|center|The fibrin sheath is indirectly seen in these images before and after radiocontrast injection, as the radiocontrast collects around the catheter.]] | |
==Report== | ==Report== | ||
| − | + | The report may very well be a chronological description of the procedure, and should include: | |
| − | |||
*Position of the catheter tip in relation to the central veins (for example, in the inferior part of the superior vena cava) | *Position of the catheter tip in relation to the central veins (for example, in the inferior part of the superior vena cava) | ||
| − | *Presence or absence of fibrin sheath. The pattern of the outflow may be described. | + | *Presence or absence of fibrin sheath. The pattern of the outflow may be described. In case of a fibrin sheath, preferably report the distance between the tip and the point of contrast exit, and whether it occurs in a different vein. |
| − | + | Optionally, if tested or measured: | |
| − | + | *Ability to aspirate. | |
| − | + | *Injected amount of contrast | |
| − | + | {{Reporting}} | |
| − | + | {{Bottom}} | |
| − | }} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | {{ | ||
Latest revision as of 13:36, 20 August 2019
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Contents
Suspected fibrin sheath
A fibrin sheath of central venous catheter (including PICC-lines and implanted ports) can be suspected when it is possible to inject into it but not to aspirate.
Choice of modality
Fibrin sheaths are usually detected by fluoroscopic catheter contrast angiography.[1]
X-ray of central venous catheters is enough to check position after insertion, or in suspected movement.
A suspicion of a thrombotic occlusion of the vein passed by the catheter indicates a CT angiography.[2]
Preparation
- Contrast should be non-ionic,[1] with an iodine concentration of at least 270 mg/ml.[2]
- Syringe can be for example 10 ml or 20 ml, for injection by hand.[1] For pumps in ports, the pressure should not exceed >40psi (275kPa or 2,75bar).[2]
- For ports, the needle should be at least 20G (0.9mm), and needs to be designed for port use (to avoid fragmentation of the port membrane).[2] It should be connected by luer taper.[2]
- The system needs to be closed to air at all times.[2]
- The procedure is preferably done in medical gloves, which do not need to be sterile.
The total amount of contrast is rather small (5-15ml) so a decreased renal function does not need to to be a contraindication.[2]
Procedure
Pre-contrast imaging
- For ports, it should include a lateral projection to confirm that the needle is in proper place before contrast injection.[2]
Contrast imaging
- Set the projection to be
- Optionally, check if it is possible to aspirate from the catheter.
- For ports, first inject a small amount of contrast to and image when contrast fills the port chamber and the catheter, to exclude malfunction.[2]
- Imaging of the outflow from the catheter is done at 10-15[notes 2] images per second.[2]
- After the procedure:
- Flush with 20 - 30 ml normal saline.[2]
- Optionally, quantify the amount of injected contrast.
Evaluation
Catheter tip position
For catheters positioned to low or high, estimate the difference between the current and optimal placement.
Regular catheters:
The distal tip of jugular catheters should lie in the lower part of the superior vena cava.[3] For left-sides catheters, a tip in the upper right atrium has also been suggested.[3] However, the cardiac silhouettes are regarded as not reliable for this purpose, compared to using the carina as a landmark.[3] Hence, a catheter tip between 55 and 30 mm below the level of the carina is regarded as acceptable placement on anteroposterior X-rays.[4]
Central dialysis catheters:
- The tip of nontunneled jugular hemodialysis catheters should be in the superior vena cava, and not in the right atrium.[5]
- The tip of high-flow tunneled hemodialysis catheters should be within the right upper atrium.[5]
Fibrin sheath
In a normal case, the contrast flows straight out from the catheter.[2] Contrast flowing at a skewed angle compared to the catheter is regarded to be a suspected fibrin sheath.[2]
A definite fibrin sheath is visualized as contrast flowing backwards around the catheter, looking like a thickening of the distal part, before exiting at a more proximal part of the catheter. Preferably note the distance between the catheter tip and the exiting point, and whether it is in a different vein (such as the brachiocephalic vein).
Report
The report may very well be a chronological description of the procedure, and should include:
- Position of the catheter tip in relation to the central veins (for example, in the inferior part of the superior vena cava)
- Presence or absence of fibrin sheath. The pattern of the outflow may be described. In case of a fibrin sheath, preferably report the distance between the tip and the point of contrast exit, and whether it occurs in a different vein.
Optionally, if tested or measured:
- Ability to aspirate.
- Injected amount of contrast
- See also: General notes on reporting
Notes
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Radlines:Authorship for details.
- ↑ A frequency of 2-4 images per second has also been suggested (Knutstad, 2016), which confers a lower radiation dose but makes it more difficult to determine the dynamic flow of contrast.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Knutstad, K.; Hager, B.; Hauser, M. (2016). "Radiologic diagnosis and management of complications related to central venous access ". Acta Radiologica 44 (5): 508–516. doi:. ISSN 0284-1851.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 . Porta-a-cath control. Röntgen Metodbok, Radiology Department of Helsingborg. Retrieved on 2018-07-25.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mark P Androes, Alan C Heffner. Placement of jugular venous catheters. UpToDate. This topic last updated: Apr 24, 2018.
- ↑ Venugopal, AchuthanNair; Koshy, RachelCherian; Koshy, SumodM (2013). "Role of chest X-ray in citing central venous catheter tip: A few case reports with a brief review of the literature ". Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 29 (3): 397–400. doi:. ISSN 0970-9185. PMID 24106371.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Steven J Bander, Karen Woo. Central catheters for acute and chronic hemodialysis access. UpToDate. This topic last updated: Mar 27, 2018.
